The Expansion of America to the West - 1314 Words

As the 19th century continued, America expanded away from the east coast, across the Mississippi westward. After many western states joined the Union, hundreds of thousands of pioneers migrated to the new territories, which shifted the majority of the country’s population to the West. With so much uninhabited and unorganized land available, the desire for more land brought aspiring pioneers to the frontier. As enticing as the idea was, something else was persuading many people to migrate westward. Manifest Destiny became a widely used concept amongst future pioneers. This concept stated that God wants you to migrate westward over the entire country to expand and enhance its political, social, and economic influences. Many middle-class citizens held this belief and was the driving force in Americas expansion. In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Act that would help aid settlers in their plight across the Plains. These acts used public lands to achieve significant national ambitions of western migration and the construction of the transcontinental railroad. In 1862, the Homestead Act was passed into law. The act stated that any American citizen could file an application and for a small amount purchase 160 acres of government land. The only stipulation was that you must inhabit the land for the next five years. The Plains provided ample amount of land for farming and livestock, but settlers found the different climate would require newShow MoreRelatedManifest Destiny And Westward Expansion Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages1) OUTLINE: I. Topic sentence. Manifest destiny and westward expansion was a tremendous key component to the growth of the nation economically because of the impact it had on native americans, women empowerment, and expanding the population of the country. II. Significance of topic. Americans looked towards the western lands as an opportunity for large amounts of free land, for growth of industry, and pursue the manifest destiny. III. List of evidence related to topic. The railwaysRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay788 Words   |  4 Pagesas a belief, in the 19th century, that North-America was destined to stretch from coast to coast and that the expansion of the U.S. throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. It is responsible for changing the face of America and creating a new nation (Lubragge, 1809-1900). North-America’s westward expansion was due the American belief â€Å"that the strength of American values and institutions justified moral claims†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , land west of the Mississippi River â€Å"were destined forRead MoreThe Expansion of America and The Homestead Act of 18621180 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 1840’s America was becoming a world power to be reckoned with. In order for the country to keep up with the increasing amount of people and become more powerful, the US expanded westward. After the War of 1812 a lot of Americas attention went into exploration and settlement of all of the territo ry to the West, which had been expanded by the Louisiana Purchase. Families of pioneers traveled westward and found new communities through what is now called the Midwest. Westward expansion occurred forRead MoreEssay On Manifest Destiny1551 Words   |  7 PagesManifest Destiny was a widely spread belief that settlers in the United States should expand across North America. It was the belief that fueled the westward expansion. The westward expansion led to many other events in and around the United States. Before Manifest Destiny and the westward expansion the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War took place which allowed America to declare independence. Manifest Destiny was a big influence on the evolution of transport and technology. Before weRead MoreManifest Destiny1555 Words   |  7 PagesTransportation Manifest Destiny was a widely spread belief that settlers in the United States should expand across North America. It was the belief that fueled the westward expansion. The westward expansion led to many other events in and around the United States. Before Manifest Destiny and the westward expansion the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War took place which allowed America to declare independence. Manifest Destiny was a big influence on the evolution of transport and technology. BeforeRead MoreThe Westward Expansion Of The United States960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Westward expansion began for the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. For $15 million dollars, President Thomas Jefferson purchased from France 828,000 square miles, including most of 14 current states, thus doubling the size of America. Jefferson now had the land, but how to populate it was another story. On a three year expedition, Lewis and Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore the lands to get a better understanding of the geography and resources of the West. During the 1830sRead MoreThe Lewis And Clark Expedition1424 Words   |  6 Pages On May 14, 1804 in the eastern city of Saint Louis, William Clark and Merry-weather Lewis set of on the westward adventure that would change America as we know it today. Their journey began on the Mississippi River, those rapids would propel Lewis and Clark into the Corps of Discovery. Across the vast land that these men would soon travel l ived the many native-american tribes. The Native people hunted freely across their western lands, lived their life as one with the ground they so carefullyRead MoreManifest Destiny Essays694 Words   |  3 Pagesdefense for U.S. territorial expansion. It is the presumption that God had destined the American people to at divine mission of American movement and conquest in the name of Christianity and democracy. In order to understand manifest destiny we must first find its’ origin. John O’Sullivan first initiated manifest destiny into America in 1845. This New York editor wrote the phrase that captured this mood when he attempted to explain American’s thirst for westward expansion he wrote: the fulfillmentRead MoreAP Us History DBQ977 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod of time between the late 19th century and early 20th century, America was going through significant changes. After a revolution in Cuba against the Spanish, as well as the Americans starting the Spanish-American War, the Americans received several territorial concessions from their defeated opponent. Thus, America started on the path to imperialism, gaining several more territories in a short amount of time. Such an expansion in the late 19th century and early 20th century was mostly a continuationRead MoreThe War of 18121132 Words   |  4 PagesWar of 1812 The War of 1812 was started by America due to British encroachment on three fronts, trade restrictions imposed by the British, the increasing alliances of the British with Indian tribes blocking American expansion West, and due to British interference with merchant class ships in the Atlantic. The war was fought in the Great Lakes region between America and Canada, near New Orleans in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Atlantic trade routes, and around Washington DC. The British had always

How public and private sectors have impact on each other in tourism industry Free Essays

In the field of psychology, there is a new symptom investigated for tourism called â€Å"euphoria† indicating a kind of emotion, that is, the enthusiasm of the destination residents towards the tourists (Xie: 2001). As a matter of fact, nowadays tourism itself has become a kind of popular â€Å"disease† which spreads throughout the whole world just like the Europe Black Death in the Middle Ages. No one can escape from it, neither the poor nor the rich (Ryan: 1991). We will write a custom essay sample on How public and private sectors have impact on each other in tourism industry? or any similar topic only for you Order Now A cured disease will do good to new disease in the future, nevertheless, the ignorance of it will destroy the entire world. Similarly, tourism, viewed as fastest growing industry, would bring lots of significant economic and social values to the development of every country. Thus, this â€Å"modern disease† should be cautiously treated for sustainability and managed by every country so that maximum benefit can be derived and negative impacts can be minimized towards the â€Å"euphoria† local people, culture and environment from the tourism. It indicates that tourism related organizations including international, national, regional with both inter-governmental and non-governmental interests should pay attention to the development of sustainable tourism which trying to â€Å"coordinate the complex interactions between the tourism industry, visitors, the environment and the host communities.† (Testoni: 2001). Therefore, this essay is designed to firstly discuss the roles all these kinds of organizations played into the sustainable tourism development and their impacts on each other. Moreover, with the roles and impacts of both public- and private-sectors clearly clarified, how these roles and impacts would have power in enhancing the growth of tourism, that is, the well-ordered plan strongly needed for achieving tourism goals has become the key problem of sustainable tourism development. Agreed by Testoni (2001), planning began to be more important in facilitating the development of tourism while minimizing negative impacts and realizing sustainability. Thus, the second aim of this essay tries to set up the argument of the specific content of government intervention into tourism marketing, policy-making and planning. However, these inter-governmental level organizations are criticized as inefficient and bureaucratic in tourism development project. Accordingly, a set of count arguments wou ld be arisen to debate if these responsibilities were better handled by private sector. Roles and Impacts of tourism organizations Today’s tourism has expanded to international level that residents begin to travel to and stay in places outside the host country with various kinds of purposes (as cited in WTO: 1991). Therefore, visitor, the key resource in tourism, is categorized as international visitor and domestic visitor. Those who â€Å"travels to a country other than that in which he/she usual residence and that is outside his/her usual environment, for a period not exceeding one year, and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited† are defined as international visitor by WTO (1991). Comparatively, domestic visitor is explained as â€Å"any person residing within a country, irrespective of nationality, traveling to a place within this country other than his usual residence for a period of not less than 24 hours or one night for a purpose other than the exercise of a remunerated activity in the place visited† by Mill (1990). On the basis of these kind of classifications, tourism related organizations also should be divided into diverse types according to different bases. They are viewed as international, national, regional, inter- and non-governmental organizations. International Organisations As the international and national dichotomy, international organizations concerned for more than one country as their members according to Collier (2003). World Tourism Organisation, sub-classified as an inter-governmental body on the basis of its membership, is the representative role of international organizations based in Madrid with 138 members states including New Zealand and 350 affiliate members such as Airlines and Tourism Associations known as the Business Council (Brackenbury: 2003). The aim of WTO is the promotion and development of tourism in relationship with other aspects such as economic development, environment and peace as Brackenbury (2003) noted. WTO intends to spread the awareness and knowledge of the best practices in sustainable development in tourism. Therefore, various roles are taken by WTO to influence its members as following: 1. Representor-WTO supports tourism event to present the significance of the activities should be taken by tourism organsations and participated as exhibitor. For example, in February 2002 WTO supported the International Adventure Travel and Outdoor Sports Exhibition held in Chicago. (www.world-tourism.org/sustainable/IYE-Main-Menu.htm). 2. Advocator-WTO advocates lots of concepts and task forces to contribute to the development of tourism. For example, for the year 2002, WTO designated this year as the International Year of Ecotourism, and its Commission on Sustainable Development requested international agencies, governments and the private sector to undertake supportive activities. WTO and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) have joined forces in the preparation and co-ordination of some activities to be undertaken at the international level during the Year. The impact of it is that the members of WTO then would take this direction into their tourism activities and set their tourism goals based on this main objective (Yunis: 2003). 3. Policy Guider-WTO sets different policy for diverse purposes to regularly operate the activities in tourism industry. It then will influence the regulations set by the regional level organizations and activities would be followed by these policies. 4. Disseminator-WTO will send tourism related information to its membership. 5. Supporter-WTO services rendered to national tourism administrations, local authorities and the private sector in the development and promotion of tourism. These services and activities range from â€Å"technical assistance in the form of short and long term projects, organization of seminars and conferences, education and training courses as well as strategy issues at national and regional levels.† (www.world-tourism.org). New Zealand, not only as one of the WTO members but the country in the Asia and Pacific Rim which is one of the six areas divided by WTO, certainly will be influenced by the role acted by the both WTO and The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) which is â€Å"a mixture of both governmental and non-governmental bodies that work together to further tourism industry professionalism in the Asia and Pacific region.† (Collier: 2003). That is because when a task or policy is declared by these international organizations, all tourism related activities and policies set by the governments in the range of national level would correspond with these tasks and policies. Obviously, National Tourism Organisations (NTO) and Regional Tourism Organisations (RTO) would process the tasks so as to cater to the goals and policies established by those international tourism organizations. Regional Tourism Organisations For the geographical scope of their interest in tourism, organizations could be subdivided into National, Regional and Local organizations. Regional Tourism Organisations on the national level are those with a general interest in tourism but only within a certain region of the country (Collier: 2003). As Collier (2003) explained that the role the RTO undertook was the mirror of the extent of government intervention in tourism, because RTOs always plays their roles in terms of government departments and government agencies. These roles are performed to be planning which involves â€Å"planning for the development and promotion of the country’s tourism industry† (Collier: 2003), organizing to ensure the development process is in progress, development which involves some investment, financial, information items, promotion for the tourism events and control of ensuring the plans are â€Å"implemented s intended and achieve stated objectives† (Collier: 2003). For instance, the role of New Zealand Regional Tourism Organisations are taken as 1. The New Zealand Tourism Board. It makes plans to set out its aims, activities, ways to achieve these aims, the resources and materials used and tools to measure the effectiveness and efficiency. 2. The Ministry of Tourism. It tries to give some suggestions and strategies to the local government of New Zealand so as to ensure the government would deal with tourism matters properly. 3. Other government departments and agencies such as Ministry for the Environment and New Zealand Customs Service. (Collier: 2003). As the clear relationship and impacts between government activities and the roles of RTO, it seems that how the role acted by RTO is intensively linked with how the local governments produce and implement the plans including marketing, planning process and policy-making for tourism development respecting to the policy and events claimed by International Tourism Orgnisations (WTO and PATA) and National Tourism Organisations so that the benefit of tourism would be achieved and the negative results would be minimized. Plans for Sustainable Tourism In order to keep the pace with the direction of international tourism organization, all sectors must pay attention to the plan for sustainable tourism because what World Tourism Organisation said was that during and after implementation, tourism development must be planned and monitored to ensure that it was accomplishing the objectives and achieving the recommended policies according to Pearce (2000). Additionally, â€Å"Planning can articulate future visions and assess individual projects with approval given to those proposals consistent with policies and plans† Testoni (2001) said. Without plans or planning systems, the development of tourism is promiscuous and without sufficient consideration given to its interaction with other sectors and its possible impacts (Testoni: 2001). The impacts of unplanned tourism development will potentially result in three main consequences according to Mill (1990): 1. Physical Impacts. It will damage the physical environment and cultural landmarks and resources. Besides, it will cause overcrowding, traffic problems, congestion and pollution. 2. Human Impacts. The accessibility of tourism industry will be poor, for example, the parking places are limited. It will lead to the lack of education of tourism employees in skills. That is, no professional teacher and courses are planned to help these employees to gain knowledge of tourism. 3. Organisational Impacts. The strategy of the marketing goals is unclear so that the target market and market segment are processed ineffectively. Failure to act upon important issues, problems, and opportunities of common interest to the community. Therefore, the plan for tourism tasks should be implemented carefully and well organised by both public and private sectors. Firstly, let’s take a look at the details and depth of the content of government functions and activities into tourism plan. Government Intervention in tourism developmental plans Collier (2003) elucidated that local government was the major player within the tourism industry and took the responsibilities to provide different kinds of services and facilities required by tourists. Moreover, Testoni (2001) set his viewpoint similarly that the main way of the government influences on tourism plan is â€Å"determining development applications consistent with zoned uses, which could also include environmental impact assessment and performance-based assessment, which considers the suitability of particular proposed developments in the area.† In detail, these activities of plans including: 1. Formulating policy. What Testoni (2001) said was that local government implement measures and decisions as well as providing national policy guidance. The specific event taken by the governments is they provide a baseline of data as a means by which they can test â€Å"whether local implementation of their policies and initiatives is possible and permit a basis for allowing new activities in an area† (Testoni: 2001). 2. Investment in tourism facilities. Local governments would state their plans of constructing major amenities thanks to the importance of high quality of amenities. As Collier explained that the relative quality and availability of amenities including infrastructure and superstructure might be the cause of the choice of destination of tourists. Government usually investing in the establishment of infrastructure, comprised of roads, electricity and water supplies, sewerage and waste disposal, communication facilities, airports and harbours, transportation networks, healthy care facilities and security systems (Mill: 1990), because the â€Å"development of infrastructure should precede the development of superstructure† (Collier: 2003). Besides, they try to strength the quality of tourism facilities so as to meet the needs of tourists. 3. Environmental management. Governments adopt a lots of measures to protect the local environment and prevent the pollution. 4. Promotion of the country or a certain region as a tourist destination and research. Advertisements, marketing methods such as marketing segment that is divide tourist into different areas of target markets, pricing tools, holding activities and events as attractions are various promotional tools used by government to develop a certain destination to attract consumers. For example, government would support an event of attraction as entertainment such as American Cup in New Zealand. 5. Training and educating the tourism employees. With the understanding of the significance of plans for tourism development and the degree of government intervention into the plans, the case of how New Zealand government reacts to the guidance of International Tourism Organisation would be specifically lucubrated. First of all, a main strategy that could maximize the benefit of tourism and minimize the negative impact would be decided. Tourism has been viewed as the main economic source of the GDP of a country. As Simpson (2002) noted, New Zealand has recently produced its 10-year tourism strategy to accentuate a positivist attitude towards further tourism development, which particularly takes the â€Å"economic† approach to treat tourism as an economically based and industry-oriented concept. More important, this approach is the reflection of the reaction to the Ecotourism concept suggested by WTO, because the Ecotourism is trying to â€Å"support the protection of natural areas by generating economic benefits for host communities, organisations and authorities managing natural areas with conservation purposes.† Secondly, specific steps and approaches would be considered and taken into action due to the requirement of the dominant service provision responsibilities of governments to combine planning and regulatory roles (Simpson: 2002). New Zealand governments are clearly conscious of the significant economic force of international tourism in external trade and view it as the export industry. Consequently, the governments begin to put emphasis on the financial and job creation benefits within this level of tourism development according to Simpson (2002). Besides, a special political power called â€Å"three-tier system of national, regional, and local government† is arranged to ensure that â€Å"New Zealand is developed and marketed as a competitive tourism destination to maximize the long-term benefits to New Zealand.† In addition, the appropriate responsibility allocations are made by the governments in order to make proper agencies in charge of their allocated tasks efficiently and effectively (Simpson: 2002). Thirdly, some tools are used to promote and carry out the activities by governments. In addition to the directly investment in infrastructure constructions such as road rehabilitation and control the pollution, New Zealand governments permit a regional council to promote the welfare of the host community according to Simpson (2002). Fourthly, specific policies are made to protect the local environment and culture. Because the development would increase the negative impacts on the local communities, for example, the increasing pollution and crime. However, the weaknesses of the government involvement in tourism development are also exposed. On one hand, government intervention may only particularly suit to only large projects, and is often reactive which means governments lack the experience and professional knowledge of dealing with some small but important aspects of the plans. This can be explained by the case of Canada tourism development. As Thibault Frisby (1999) noted, in Canada tourism industries, more problem are arisen such as economic restraints, increasing demands for accountability and pressure for public involvement in the decision making process. Therefore, in order to meet these requirements, government officials have to develop new skills to contribute themselves effectively into tourism development plans. However, employees in government always contain different educational backgrounds, professional languages and values, which covered a wide range of subjects. That is, they cannot deal with specific tourism areas efficiently and effectively thanks to their lack of specific knowledge even low level of education of a certain area such as airline or accommodation sectors. What’s more, a survey of Italy and Spain tourism industry pointed out the key problem that the lack of educational qualifications among the staff in public sector according to Marino (2001). Education level of Italian and Spanish public sector managers in Tourism Italian public managers Spanish public managers University 12% University 16% Secondary high school 28% Secondary high school 33% Junior high school 26% Junior high school 21% No education level 34% No education level 30% Total 100% (77% male) Total 100% (80% male) Clearly, the data in this table displays that the public managers in Italian and Spanish government involved in tourism contain a low level of education background. Both Italian and Spanish public managers gain the least proportion of those who have the university education level. Meanwhile, there are a lot of public managers has low even no education level in Italian and Spanish public sectors. With the agreement of what Guest Taylor (1999) said, leisure managers in local governments only took account of what is going on inside the organization, not outside. These entire viewpoints show the weakness of the operation in government planning process with the lack in human resource. On another hand, governments have no clear directions when they do the marketing for the tourism development plan. There exists a lot of problems. Local governments provide tourism related products and services might not actually meet the needs of consumers because they may not think what the tourists really want. It seems that the market planning of governments is not consumer-driven. Just as Guest Taylor (1999) noted, local authorities appeared to know less about their customers, outside voting habits. Additionally, â€Å"poor marketing and understanding, no systematic attempts to identification of local needs turns to be the key problem of governments’ plans† (Guest Taylor: 1999). In short, governments can not make their efforts into every industries of tourism development because according to the definition of one-industry concept that tourism industry is â€Å"made up of various sectors or sub-industries such as accommodation, transportation, sales and leisure and the tourism products in nature and the experience perceived by tourists.† (Collier: 2003). It means that tourists will treat all these sectors and sub-industries as a whole industry although various tourism products and services are only portions of the total product. Upon that, every sector should make their roles in the tourism development properly and effectively. Since the shortcomings of government involvement in some aspects of tourism development and plans, those responsibilities may better be handled by private sectors. Secondly, let’s see the roles of private sector organizations and their activities into tourism development. Private Sector Intervention in tourism developmental plans According to Collier (2003), private sector involvement in tourism development is mainly in the form of business organizations â€Å"aligned with a particular sector of the tourism industry†. As the Linking Concept pointed out organizations can be categorized as direct providers (i.e. transport operators, accommodation providers, attraction and activity operators, sales agents and ancillary service), support services (i.e. petroleum distribution companies, construction firms and etc.) or developmental organizations (i.e. finance institution and industry training organizations). (Collier: 2003). For the example of New Zealand private sector organizations, the support services organization is like Travel Agents Association of New Zealand and developmental organization is for instance, Hospitality Standards Institute which involves in chef training, housekeeping, portering skills and etc. (Collier: 2003). With these kinds of roles played by private sectors, it is obviously some responsibility would be taken by private sectors superiorly and strongly. Because, Firstly, compared with the lack of professional knowledge and skills of governmental level employees, private sectors would train and educate tourism employees more effectively and efficiently because every specific area of sub-industry will manipulate the training and education system to access to the employees and has expertise in a certain field of subject. For instance, as Roehl Swerdlow (2001) elucidated, in western united states, accommodation industry in tourism carry out the vertical and horizontal job segregation approach to train employees for the gender problem. Analogously, as a private sector in tourism industry, New Zealand Industry Training Organisations specifically provide training and developing the skills and knowledge of tourism employees to ensure their qualifications. Secondly, private sectors have more experience in managing the marketing problems. They tend to know what consumers expected and need due to their well-arranged marketing tools and approaches. For example, individual sector, accommodation organizations could do the surveys to get the exact information about the requirements of their target market. In addition, private sectors would provide the personal products and services and do promotion events to cater the different kinds of tourists by market segmentation. They would construct the superstructures on the basis of the taste of the target consumers. Thirdly, in allusion to the neglect to details in tourism plans of governments, private sectors could concentrate themselves in doing the small projects obey the direction of international tourism organizations so that the objectives can be accomplished effectively and efficiently. According to Font (2002), the case of â€Å"Green Global†, the event of environmental certification of tourism and hospitality operations, is developed by the idea of â€Å"Ecotourism† of WTO. On the level of private sector, Tourism Industry Association of New Zealand singles out environmental management systems to protect the environment of the host country led by the Asia-Pacific tourism organizations. Above all, at realising the increasing need to focus on tourism, Jagmohan (2003) union minister for tourism, mentioned, it is imperative that not only the states but also the industry plays an active role to boost tourism. â€Å"Therefore, it is necessary as I have stated earlier, that the private sector has a key role to play in the growth of tourism both domestic and international,† asserted Jagmohan (2003). For the Canada case, Thibault Frisby (1999) said that Canada local government need to rationalize government services under the consideration of privatization and decentralization so as to meet the increasing problems and challenges. It is because many research results revealed that local governments are becoming more and more relying on partnerships to acquire important resources, information and knowledge into tourism development Thibault Frisby (1999). Similarly, the policy of Italy and Spain tourism development is trying to reduce government involvement in the public tourist sector (Marino: 2001). Conclusion As a matter of fact, in spite of the advantages existing in private sectors processing the tourism development plans, private sector also has problems in doing tourism plans. Thus, it seems that it may be better for the combination of contributions of both public and private sector in the sustainable tourism development. It is evident that the task to make more profit from the tourism and prevent the rot of the aspects created by the tourism development should be paid attention to not only by international and national level organizations but many private ownership organizations. How to cite How public and private sectors have impact on each other in tourism industry?, Papers

Strengths and Weaknesses System of Employment

Question: Discuss about the Strengths and Weaknesses for System of Employment. Answer: Introduction: The state or government of China plays a very important role in the system of employment. The Chinese government takes the employment as its first and foremost priority. Employment in China is the main way of earning a livelihood and a strategy to maintain stability in the society. The government of China has analyzed and framed the system of employment on international experiences in its process, steadily improved its relevant legal system, and developed, and executed a set of zealous employment policies (Aizenman, 2015). The Chinese government complies to improve employment by developing national economy, furthering the reform on its economic political system, improving social security system, economic development of rural and urban areas, and harmonizing economic development. The Chinese government has taken various efficient measures and done possibly everything to increase job opportunities, keeping a rate of unemployment under control, and expanding the employment scale (Dian, 2014). With all the effective methods and processes taken up by the Chinese Government, still, there is a huge need of restructuring of the employment system of the China. According to the movement of the market reform that is moving towards liberty and choice-oriented economy, the ancient model of the system of employment has become old fashioned, and also it is incapable of managing issues raised through the proceedings of market liberalization. System of employment is an important part of the Chinese government as this is not just an economic issue but also a delicate political issue. Later in the essay, the role of the Chinese government in the system of employment is discussed with the help of the strengths and weaknesses of the state in the process of the system of employment (Gordon, 2010). The Chinese Government has taken various steps to create employment in the country. To achieve the success in the steps of creating employment in the country and also good working condition, many policies and strategies are being promoted by the government which acts as the strength of the government. China has believed in the policy of reform and opening-up, by keeping its focus on economic construction, and then it slowly entered into the road of building a socialist market economy system. The results have given strength to the employment system of China (Hu, 2014). This had resulted in a rapid development of social security and labor undertakings. The stable situation in employment is one of the main goals of most of the government. China has also been able to get a stable situation in employment. This stability has been reached by the Chinese Government by maintaining stable and harmonious labor relations and revising the income, and wage distribution system. Chinese Government a lso ensures that minimum standard of living is being followed in the cities. Along with this, social security system is also being earnestly promoted in the rural areas. This helps in maintaining labor relations. Strong labor relations in rural and urban areas help in increasing the labor strength which makes the Chinese labor worldwide famous for its working and charges (Jia, 2014). Many companies prefer to invest in the Chinese economy because of its labor. This is one of the solid points of the Chinese Government in the system of employment. Another point that strengthens the Chinese governments role, that it is an important part of international labor affairs. By the principles of mutual equality, benefit, and respect, the government initiates in all the international labor affairs. China has managed fruitful exchanges in the field of social security and labor. It has also participated with many international organizations like United Nation Organization, International Labor Org anization, Asian Development Bank, and World Bank. It has delivered a positive image in the international community in eliminating poverty, protecting interest and legal rights of the workers, and promoting employment (Kanamori, 2007). By promoting employment through economic growth, the Chinese Government is gaining two benefits in a one go. The Chinese Government focuses on the economic construction; by promoting employment. Employment is promoted by carrying out an effective employment policy, and by adopting various active measures to increase the employment rate. The Government is rationally altering the employment structure with the help of readjustment of industrial structure. The Government is providing guidance for the development of such enterprises and industries that are capable of creating more job opportunities (Li, 2007). When government is helping in the development of capital construction investment, powerfully expanding domestic demands, and in maintaining the vigorous development of the national economy, it also stresses on the development of enterprises that are labor-intensive with market potential, and comparative advantages. For example, service enterprises and medium and small-sized enterpri ses, as these are capable of creating and offering job opportunities to a large number of people. This also helps in increasing employment and expanding employment channels, by effectively developing the economy with varied forms of ownership, like private, individual, and collective ownerships, and by developing and encouraging different forms of employment. The Chinese Government has a vital-role in the establishment of the market-oriented mechanism of employment (Ma, 2009). A government employment policy that includes initiative of laborers finding job on their own, the government promoting employment, and the market adjusting the employment demand encourages fair competition and secure employment, employers to take decision on the number and quality of their own employees, and adopting measures for the promotion of shaping employment mechanism that is market-oriented (Meng, 2012). The other strength of the Chinese Government is the labor market information network that is displaying its worth by promoting exchanges of information concerning demand and supply of labor, and helping unemployed in finding a job or reemploying them through labor market. Labor market is set up with a sound mechanism, good service, and standardized operation, which is under effective supervision. The Chinese Government has organized trials to setup labor market that are scientific, modernized and standardized in hundred cities. The Chinese Government has recently started to trial-implement the mechanism of pricing for the labor market, to enable the mechanism of market to play its basic role of regulatory in the wage formation, labor flow, and allocation of labor resources. Workers are the greatest strength of the Chinese Government and it is working hard to enhance the workers quality (Qi Prime, 2009). The Chinese Government has aimed to promote different forms of education through various channels to raise the professional skills and cultural level of the workers. It has laid equal stress on vocational qualification credentials, and academic qualifications. At present the system followed by the Chinese Government of nine-year compulsory education covers about 80 percent of the total population. It has helped in dropping the illiteracy rate to 5 percent among the young and middle-aged. At present there are 1220 regular institutions that offer higher studies, with 7.15 million students. With 1.50 million students 680 adult institutions of higher learning and 80000 regular middle schools, with 80 million students are currently in process in China. The aim of China is to establish multi-level and an all-round technical and vocational education and training system (Song, 2014). This is done with the development of higher technical and vocational schools, secondary technical and vocational schools, technical schools, community-run vocational training institutions, employment training centers, and secondary polytechnic schools with the purpose of strengthening the training of new workers, laid-off workers, and on-the-job employees. Training courses offered to secondary-graduates like pre-job training especially to those who have failed to gain higher education. Employment training centre and training schools are being restructured and readjusted into comprehensive bases of training. The introduction of vocational qualification credential system and a vocational qualification system of the Chinese Government has been set that covers all level workers, from basic to senior. At present, more than 80 percent of the freshly employed people in urban areas, are either graduated from senior high schools, have some kind of job skill training. This educated and trained labor is not only helping the country internally, but also promoting it in the whole world (Srivastava Thomson, 2007). The above-given points are the strengths of the government while it is managing the system of employment of China. The Chinese Government with the 21st century has entered on a new development stage; this is the stage of starting the construction on a full-scale of a comparatively accelerating modernization and a well-off society. The major aims of China's labor and social security efforts are to promote employment, protect employees' rights and interests, coordinate labor relations, raise people's incomes and improve social security (Stebleton, 2010). It is true that the Chinese Government is working very hard to provide the best and most effective employment system to the country but there many place in the current system of employment of China where some restructuring and improvements are required which the Chinese government is not able to improve. It has been regularly argued that Chinas market reform will not succeed until and unless thoughtful consideration is taken on institu tional reform in the system of employment. It is being said again and again that the Chinese employment system is old and obsolete. And it is unable to handle the issues that may occur in this new era. Though this is also true that the government has tried to restructure the traditional system of employment, but the process is still not convincible. China has a long primitive history (Swider, 2014). Therefore the government of this primitive state has a general centralized structure from long time back. This common historical memory affects the mindset of the Chinese society and people living in the society. This also affected the model of government. The democratic country of China still follows the centralized system in employment system of China. Hence, the state governance, even under a democratic structure of government, has combined the idea of state intervention so that optimal welfare can be provided to the citizens, regardless of whether individuals capable of dealing with social issues by themselves or not. This shows the weakness of the government of China in case of taking decisions regarding the restructuring of the system of employment as per the current system of government that is democratic (Wang Yang, 2013). Market reform and economic globalization has emerged as a severe challenge to the Chinas system of employment. Although the development of a new framework of system of employment has been triggered by the market reform, which is centered on the contractual and legal regulation of labor relations, still the collective consultation and workplace between employers and trade union is divided and employer and workers interest conflicts presently the industrial confrontation and conflicts has raised as the most important issue for the Chinese Government. These disputes are not limited to individuals, but a large ratio of the industrial disputes has been noticed. This is a huge weakness of the Chinese Government when it comes to employment relations or employment system (Zhang, Song, Wang, 2015). In last few years the labor disputes has increased to a serious consideration level. These disputes are based on issues like economic, remedies, labor insurance, compensation, and welfare schemes. This situation has raised a legitimate question that whether the universal contractual and legal regulations adopted by the Chinese Government is working or not. Also, is this a fruitful regulation for the labor? Particularly, the Chinese governments functional capability of administering these regulations is also questioned. The position of various parties in such labor disputes has also been intensified. The evidence shows that these disputes were settled more with the help of arbitration rather than using mediation (Zhang Wang, 2009). The increasing disputes and their settlement type shows that employers and enterprises are increasingly breach the contractual and legal rights of the employees, as given in labor law. The government shows lacking in taking correct steps to avoid such disputes and managing the enterprises and employers in providing the legal rights of the labor. The labor disputes shows that market reform and economic transition has sparked more problems and issue s between management and labor. In a precision most of the disputes are of collective nature. This indicates that if China doesnt change its current model of employment system than more complex and difficult issues will arise that will be more difficult to settle. So the current model of employment system is a weakness of the Chinese governments employment system (Zhu Nyland, 2016). The other weakness of Chinese government is that it is not able to control the increasing workers mass protests and campaigns. The usual channels and processes are not followed when labor uses mass protest and campaign to solve their problems. They took another method of protest and that to take a street and rally to the government agencies or even to the central government. In China this kind of protest and rally is known as labors collective incident. According to scholars, if the legal channel is not able give the workers economic interests then they take these collective actions. This lack of workers interest is highly related to the adjustment of industrial and economic structure and to the stages of market reform (Zuo, 2013). Institutional changes like ownership change, social security, and employment restructure are three most important changes that occur in an institution. These institutional reforms damage the workers interests. The rapid increase of private and foreign ente rprises also damages the workers interests. The new labor law has helped in triggering the sense of workers regarding their legal rights. This has led in the increase of these collective incidents. The government has ordered the increase of efficiency and reduction of workforce after the 15th CCP National Convention. This has resulted in mass layoff by the state-owned enterprises. That led to mass protest, rally and petition. The Chinese government still lack in this case as it has not yet establish a public statistical system that clears the reasons and result of workers collective incidents (Aizenman, 2015). These incidents threatened the social and political stability. Seemingly these collective incidents have intensified in China in recent years. The rate of strikes and other collective actions has been increasing rapidly in employment system of China. This also true that the Chinese workers have no legal right to strike, but again the reality says that various methods of demons trations has been attempted by the Chinese workers. The Chinese Government needs to work on the strategies to satisfy the demand of the workers by restructuring the current model of the employment system (Dian, 2014). China is famous throughout the world for it labor and workforce. The scholars says that the model of Chinese employment system that follows a centralized method even when the country is a democratic help the government in increasing the employment rate and creating job opportunities by developing industrial sector, and this ultimately help in economic growth and political stability. Its employment policies are drafted in the favor of labors and workers (Gordon, 2010). The labor market also helps the Chinese Government in attaining the goals setup for the benefit of the country. It has also brought the foreign investors to invest in various sectors of the country. This has given China economic globalization. These all factors strengthen the position of Chinese Government and the working of employment system is justified. In all these good factors, this also true that in all the processes of market reformation and economic globalization, the employment system of China is in transition (Bowles, 2007). The control of state corporatist is getting loosened while the new policies and institutions have not started functioning as expected. However there are choices between the labor, the state, and the management regarding the adoption. The final decision will help the country in improving the system of employment which will directly improve the working conditions for the workers. With the largest population in the world China has a vast resources and land that give the potential to become any kind of production market. The Chinese Government has to analyze its weaknesses and use its strengths to overcome the weaknesses and become the best employment system of the world by coordinating the new and old methods (Li, 2007). References Aizenman, J. (2015). Internationalization of the RMB, Capital Market Openness and Financial Reforms in China.Pacific Economic Review, 20(3), pp.444-460. Bowles, P. (2007). Economic Growth, Transition and Globalization in China Yanrui Wu.The China Journal, 58, pp.185-187. Dian, L. (2014). Graduate Employment in China: Current Trends and Issues.Chinese Education Society, 47(6), pp.3-11. Gordon, R. (2010). Public Finance and Economic Development: Reflections based on Experience in China.Journal of Globalization and Development, 1(1). Hu, F. (2014). Risk Attitudes and Self-employment in China.China World Economy, 22(3), pp.101-120. Jia, P. (2014). Employment and Working Hour Effects of Minimum Wage Increase: Evidence from China.China World Economy, 22(2), pp.61-80. Kanamori, T. (2007). Managing Globalization: Lessons from China and India.Asean Economic Bulletin, 24(3), pp.374-376. Li, S. (2007). China and the Challenge of Economic Globalization: The Impact of WTO Membership (review).China Review International, 13(2), pp.415-417. Ma, Y. (2009). Comparison of Advantages and Weaknesses Among Three Major Urban Agglomerations in China.Asian Social Science, 4(10). Mah, J. (2013). Globalization, decentralization and income inequality: The case of China.Economic Modelling, 31, pp.653-658. Meng, X. (2012). Labor Market Outcomes and Reforms in China.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4), pp.75-102. Song, Y. (2014). What should economists know about the current Chinese hukou system?.China Economic Review, 29, pp.200-212. Srivastava, A. and Thomson, S. (2007). E-Business Law in China: Strengths and Weaknesses.Electronic Markets, 17(2), pp.126-131. Stebleton, M. (2010). narrative-based career counseling perspectives in times of change: an analysis of strengths and limitations.Journal of Employment Counseling, 47(2), pp.64-78. Swider, S. (2014). Building China: precarious employment among migrant construction workers.Work, Employment Society, 29(1), pp.41-59. Wang, Z. and Yang, W. (2013). Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ employment or wageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ employment?.China Ag Economic Review, 5(2), pp.231-247. Zhang, C., Song, K. and Wang, F. (2015). Economic Globalization and Inflation in China: A Multivariate Approach.China World Economy, 23(3), pp.79-96. Zhang, S. and Wang, S. (2009). Impacts of Law of Peoples Republic of China on Employment Contracts on Colleges and Universities Personnel Employment System and Countermeasures.IJBM, 4(12). Zhu, J. and Nyland, C. (2016). Chinese employer associations, institutional complementarity and countervailing power.Work, Employment Society. Zuo, H. (2013). Formal and Informal Employment in China: Probability of Employment and Determinants of Monthly Wages.Australian Economic Review, 46(4), pp.405-423. Qi, L. and Prime, P. (2009). Market reforms and consumption puzzles in China.China Economic Review, 20(3), pp.388-401. Whyte, M. and Sun, Z. (2010). The Impact of China's Market Reforms on the Health of Chinese Citizens: Examining Two Puzzles.China: An International Journal, 08(01), pp.1-32.